We have all heard the adage “practice makes perfect.” This applies to mental skills training too. But the unique thing about training the mind is that, over a period of time the mind gets conditioned to think along particular lines, and mental preparation comes to you almost by rote, automatically without having to consciously put yourself in a mental practice mode. However, for your mind to reach a conditioned state, a significant amount of regular mental preparation and use of mind techniques is essential. In other words you can reach a level where mental skills become a part of your life, if you employ mental skills training regularly. If you resort to mental preparation just before a match, and not follow up regularly, its effect on you will be temporary in nature and also incomplete. Consistency is the key here.

You can bring focus to your game through the following aspects of mental discipline:

• make good use of practice sessions to develop both technique and mental skills
• follow the principles in mental skills training consistently
• improve memory retrieval to efficiently apply the mental skills techniques

Making Good Use of Training Sessions

1. Prior to starting your practice, spend a few minutes thinking about what you would like to do, learn, and improve. Clearly outline issues that you want to deal with, like styles, moves, concentration, intensity, alertness, and so on.

2. During the session try to be aware of what exactly is happening-How do you feel? What’s going on in your mind? What thought processes were effective? What thoughts or distractions drove down your performance? Were you able to give yourself the right cues at the right moment? Were you alert enough to execute perfect timing?-and so on. Being aware of all these finer points makes for a sharp focus that can add to your learning and bring about breakthroughs while practicing tough styles. The finer points also include details, such as the rush of adrenaline and surge in aggression, the rush of blood into your muscles, the process of calming down to get out of a hold, precise shifts and turns, etc.

3. Employ persistence and patience in learning difficult moves – persist until you perfect the technique.

4. For young athletes who are just embarking on their grappling or combat athletics careers, there will be a lot to learn and an extensive list of styles and moves to practice. Break down your learning objectives into manageable sections and spread out the training over a realistic period of time. Attempting too much, too soon may reduce the effectiveness of your training. Ensure that you’ve learned one set of techniques thoroughly before moving onto another. Your performance quality can be maintained at high levels when you’re learning progress at a realistic pace.

5. Display proactiveness and drive during training and treat it like a real game.

6. Exercise control over your thought processes during training in much the same way that you would have to do in a match.

7. After the practice session, spend a few minutes reflecting on what you learned and what you can follow up on in your spare time.

Enter your practice with an open mind and walk out with a commitment to rehearse your learning using mental skills.

Here’s an interesting look at grappler Daniel lgali’s practice and training regimen and the reason for his success today (based on an article published in Reader’s Digest):

“In 1994, at age 20, Daniel came to Canada from Nigeria. In 1995 Daniel started practicing with the Burnaby Mountain Wrestling Club. Coach Dave McKay found Daniel to be lightning fast and powerful, but lacking in stamina and consistency. Grapplers had to train four hours each day six days a week, but because of his night job Daniel often missed practice. During matches, Daniel was easily fatigued and his expression gave away his tiredness to his opponent. Coach McKay felt Daniel had to master his emotions as well as his game.

Daniel’s embarrassing defeat to Steiner in 1996 changed his attitude completely. Daniel started regularly attended practice sessions and worked hard and spent long hours in practice. He saved for a video camera and then studied his bouts thoroughly. Over two years, he also lifted weights and ran. Coach McKay, constantly pushed Daniel one step further until his confidence and determination grew.”

Daniel made his mark in 1988 when he was placed second at the World Cup. In 2000, he won the gold for Canada at the Sydney Olympics. Consistency in training and hard work certainly pays off, and Daniel’s case is testimony that grapplers and combat athletes benefit from a regular and consistent training regimen.

A Performance Monitor is a kind of diary or record to regularly track your training program and your skill improvement. You can either use a paper-based diary or record on audiocassettes. This performance monitor must be used after every training session to record different aspects of the session.

• What did you learn? – Styles, techniques, moves, submission, defense strategies, and so
• Your mental framework during the session – Rate yourself-poor, average, good, excellent – on each of the following factors.

• Your ability to handle distractions
• Your calmness: Were you relaxed or not?
• Your confidence
• Your alertness
• Your attentiveness

• What mistakes or slip ups did you make?
• What do you want to learn in your next session? Make a list of learning objectives and a list of mistakes that you want to avoid

As your training progresses, the aim should be to minimize your slip-ups and advance your rating on mental skills issues to either good or excellent.

The performance monitor is a simple daily assessment method that has the dual advantage of taking into account your training on grappling or combat athletics techniques as well as mental skills preparation. You will be assessing yourself, and must be as objective and as tough on yourself as you possibly can to benefit the exercise.

Advantage of maintaining a performance monitor:

• You always have on record a benchmark of your previous session on which to build and improve in a new training session.
• You start out with a set of objectives for each new session, which makes the training sessions a lot more useful.
• Mistakes don’t get swept under the rug. You address them in your next session.
• You can monitor your progress over a period especially when you rate yourself on mental skills.

http://www.lloydirvin.com

Inflammation is a broad term describing the body’s reaction to injury. It is a necessary process enabling defense against toxins and pathogens, protection against further damage, and repair of tissue. However, if the inflammatory process proceeds beyond that which is necessary to heal, it can become a disease in itself. Runaway inflammation underlies allergic reactions and certain other self-destructive diseases such as arthritis, the cycle of atherogenesis, and some dermatologic disorders.

The use of essential fatty acids in the diet has long been known to exert a beneficial effect on the health of skin and hair. Inflammatory skin disease has been shown to respond to essential fatty acids fed orally and even applied topically.1-3 Children who suffer from atopic eczema have been shown to have low blood levels of essential fatty acid metabolites. With the use of essential fatty acids blood levels rise and the skin problems decrease.4 Eskimos eating the traditional fishy high fat and oil diet have very little psoriasis. But when they adopt the Western diet, the incidence of this condition greatly increases.5 Acne vulgaris has also been shown to respond to administration of essential fatty acids. In some cases, where there was even resistance to antibiotic treatments, the administration of linoleic acid resulted in a favorable outcome.6

There are several proposed mechanisms by which essential fatty acids can affect inflammatory skin diseases.

SKIN BARRIER FUNCTION

In the transitional area between live active cells in the skin and the outer epidermal layers that eventually detach (desquamate) and are lost as a part of normal skin growth, there is a water barrier. This lipid layer, (stratum lucidum) lies between the granular cells (stratum granulosum) and the horny cells (stratum corneum) of the skin. If this lipid layer is not properly formed, the skin experiences a change in transdermal permeability. Water is thus lost resulting in dry, scaling skin, a moistening and matting of hair, and increased water intake even though urine volume is not proportionally increased. This lipid layer is formed from a class of compounds called sphingolipids including acylglucosylceramides which contain linoleic acid as a vital constituent. If linoleic acid is deficient in the diet, the lipid granule produced by the granular cells (Odland bodies) has other fatty acids substituted such as oleate. This results in a different stereochemical configuration resulting in excess water leakage from the skin.7-9 (Fig. 17)

EICOSANOID METABOLISM

Within the skin, arachidonic acid can be a part of the phospholipids which make up tissue membranes (especially in high meat diets). Arachidonic acid is released from phospholipids by the ester breaking enzymes phospholipase and C. This is initiated by various stimuli such as collagen, thrombin, bradykinin, serotonin, and adrenalin. Once released the arachidonic acid breaks down (cascades) into the various eicosa-noids. These oxygenated autocoids are powerful inflammatory agents within the skin. They can cause vessel dilation, release chemotactic factors, result in extravasation of white blood cells, and dermatologically produce pruritis, erythema, scaling and hyperkeratosis of sebaceous follicles.10-11

An excess of dietary omega 6 fatty acids (particularly arachidonic acid) saturates the two glycerol fatty acid positions on membrane phospholipids and may result in excess production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. Omega 3 fatty acids can compete for the same enzyme systems necessary for arachidonic acid to convert to pro-inflammatory eicosanoids because of the similarity of 20 carbon omega 6 fatty acids to 20 carbon omega 3 fatty acids. Therefore, if the diet enriches membrane phospholipids with omega 3 fatty acids, a larger fraction of the pool of enzymes will be used to produce antiinflammatory omega 3 eicosanoids.12 (Fig. 16)

[ The Skin Water Barrier Image ]

http://www.wysong.net/articles/lipid/figures/figure17.jpg

Specifically, if the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes are used to form the prostaglandin 2 series, the leukot-riene 4 series, lipoxins and other reactive hydroxyacids such as 5-HETE (hydroxyeicosatetranoids) and 12-HETE that are the normal progeny of the arachidonic acid cascade, instead of the prostaglandin 3 series and leukotriene 5 series which are the normal progeny of the omega 3 fatty acid cascade, inflammatory disease can result. (Fig. 18)

Enyeme Competition Image

http://www.wysong.net/articles/lipid/figures/figure18.jpg

Additionally, dihomogammalinolenic acid consumed directly or derived in vivo from linoleic acid has the capability of forming prostaglandin 1 series, which are antiinflamma-tory, as well as 15-hydroxy DHGLA which has the ability to inhibit lipoxygenase production of inflammatory eicosanoids.13

Various drugs can exert antiinflammatoiy effects through their action on these metabolic pathways. For example, cor-ticosteroids can inhibit the release of fatty acids from phospholipids through the action of lipocortin which interferes with the phospholipases. Thus if arachidonic acid is not released from lipid membranes, it does not have the opportunity to cascade into the inflammatory eicosanoids. Indomethacin and aspirin have the ability to interfere with the action of cyclooxy-genase and this then can inhibit the production of the inflammatory 2 series prostanoids. Benoxaprofen (and the nutrient zinc) have the ability to inhibit the action of lipoxygenase which produces the 4 series inflammatory leukotrienes.14 (Fig. 19)

An interesting nutrient interaction is the ability of the anti-oxidant glutathione system to convert hydroperoxy eicosatetra-noic acids to the less inflammatory hydroxy eicosatetranoic acids. There are certain amino acids associated with glutathione, namely glycine, cysteine and glutamic acid, as well as the trace mineral selenium, and thus deficiencies in these elements could conceivably result in a proinfiammatory condition.15

CELL SIGNALS

It is postulated that dietary fats may effect signals which cause cells to perform particular functions such as division or secretion. These signals, aside from possibly resulting from phospholipid turnover, can also result from mediators such as acetylcholine, adrenalin, histamine, dopomine and serotonin.

It is believed that when cells receive signals they release components of their phospholipids which in turn affect ki-nases, calmodulin, (which affects calcium levels) and cyclic nucleotides such as AMP and GMP.16

This is an incredibly complex subject even at the rather rudimentary level of understanding that exists now. The end result, however, is that increased arachidonic acid or excess omega 6 arachidonate precursors in the diet create phospholipids which send signals to tissue encouraging inflammatory response.

It is unlikely that any one of the above explanations is the sole answer to how inflammation in the skin or other tissues proceeds. Elements from several mechanisms likely contribute. But It Is highly interesting and therapeutically Important that in each case dietary modification provides a rational basis for altering the inflammatory response.

It is thus possible through converting the diet to its more natural, whole, raw form, or (as a second choice) by supplementing specifically with unaltered, stabilized omega 3, omega 9, and certain omega 6 fatty acids, that the inflammatory response can be modified. The effects of so doing have been proven clinically and provide an exciting alternative to the use of pharmacologic agents which do not address the underlying problem and carry with them potential toxic effects.

References available within book text, click the following link to view this article on wysong.net:

http://www.wysong.net/articles/lipid/06_article_lipid_chapter_six_nflammation.shtml

For further reading, or for more information about, Dr Wysong and the Wysong Corporation please visit www.wysong.net or write to wysong@wysong.net. For resources on healthier foods for people including snacks, and breakfast cereals please visit www.cerealwysong.com.

The potential behavior of plants alkaloids in animal cells vitality

Ali Parsaeimehr1

1.PhD student at the field of plant Biotechnology at the National Academy Of science institute of G.S.Davtyan Institute of Hydroponics Problems NAS RA and Academician of young researcher organization.

Abstract: it is clear that Plants, as a renewable source with low energy consumption that can offer complex biochemical syntheses even in medicinal purposes , between the synthesis compounds of plants alkaloids play an important but dilemma role at these aims  , alkaloids for plants known as a secondary metabolite which could by  essential for plants ecological surviving but it s a question remaining are these compound’s as a source for medical uses that it s going to world spread are vital for animals cells or not ?, well through this question a disquisition have been done for clearing some of the answers , we know that cells in both kingdom of plants or animals regulate intra from extra environment well these adjustment  and regulations applies by use of  ions channels  (Na+ ,K? , Ca? , Cl?) or the activity of  Na?/K? pump well we can safely assume that  behavior and the mobility  of ions  guarantied the cells vital. Some of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids in plants, known as the inhibitors of Na+, K?, ATPas or some of plant alkaloids like Harmaline, Nitidine, Capsaicin, Soleonopsin could disrupt these act , the molecular  structure of plant alkaloid with some vital compound’s in cells  and their similarity of theme could be the reason of their serious potential of act as an inhibitor or resonancer in animals cells vitality well Amino acids like Phe, Tyr, Try have Many physiologically active, and have limited distributions in the plant kingdom for example the strychnine alkaloids from the dried seeds of Strychnos vux vomica could be play a deadly way in the vitality of animals Kingdome and according to this acaealepsy we can safely assume there are too many targets for alkaloids acts such as: plasma membrane , ribosome’s or even DNA or RNA in animals cells ,  The other location for alkaloids effects are the neurotransmitters’ which closely coupled and band with ion channels (Na+ ?K? , Ca? ? Cl?) as a fact the receptors or ion channels both are incipit for nervous signals  and as a consequences affected  one of them  by inheritors or resonators  could occasion the vitality of animal cells. It’s amazing that the plant alkaloids even could show allergic sign in the animals cell  which its refers to the immunological responds to the  plants alkaloids  for instance alkaloids such as coumarins, furanocoumarine could act in this importance, the Mechanism of Allelochimical Activities in Antiviral, Antimicrobial and Allelopathic Interactions of alkaloids are the other mysterious role of these kind of secondary metabolites in animals vitality There are circumstantial evidence that some alkaloids such as Quinolizidine alkaloids protect the producing plants against viruses, bacteria , fungi, and other plants , relative to alkaloidesanimal interaction , these modes of action have been less well or hardly at all, a number of antimicrobial alkaloids such as sanguinarine, quinine , or berberine intercalate with viral and microbial DNA to bind it well these compounds may thus inhibit process such as DNA replication and RNA transcription which are vital for the microorganisms or animal cells, Well all in all alkaloids augment which is far from complete shows that many plant alkaloids inhibiter or over stimulate central process at the cellular or organ level. In this completion only a limited of structures have been discussed.

 Key word: plants Alkaloids, animals cell vitality, antimicrobial effects

__________________________________________________________________

1.Introduction: In toadies world use of medicines by the base of plants between the nations and countries have been wide spread and the effect of these kinds of drugs are undeniable but of course it’s better that we show the effect of secondary metabolites compounds and between them ,the alkaloids which synthesizes in plants cells and

shows their dilemmas effect of these kind of secondary metabolites, well according to cells biology and their  metabolites , cell s adjust their intra  from  extra environment in a caution way , these adjustment  and regulations applies by use of  ions channels  (Na+ ,K? , Ca? , Cl?) or the activity of  Na?/K? pump well we can safely assume that  behavior and the mobility  of ions  guarantied the cells vital(Alberts et al.1993). Some of secondary metabolites such as cardiac glycoside in plants, insects and a kind of toads from the family of (Bufonidae) have been discovered, these kinds of secondary metabolites known as the inhibitors of Na+, K?, ATPas or some of plant alkaloids like Harmaline, Nitidine, Capsaicin, Soleonopsin which act as the same way and affect at Na+, K?,  ATPas or ion channels and as it clearly shown these ions plays a vital role in order to cells vitality or even at the animals nervous system (Mann, J. 1992).in animals cells most of the cells activities such as endo- exocytose, cells division  is by base of microtubules or microfilaments activities in these suit some of Alkaloids such as   Colchicines, Maytansin, Taxol, Vinca Alkaloids  have the potential of coupling  with theme and inhibiter their activities due the cells progress , these expanded domain of activity of plants alkaloids in animals cell and the reason of it should by search in their molecular structure.

2. Discussion & Deliberation of Alkaloids potential: alkaloids have been extracted from and found in ~20% of vascular plants, their Compounds usually basic (alkaline) ~40,000 compounds currently described and Structurally the most diverse class of secondary metabolites and most of them use for medicinal usage like Morphine (painkiller),Vincristine (anticancer agent) , Cocaine (anesthetic, drug of abuse), Caffeine (stimulant) , well its seems that the best describe of this kind of secondary metabolites have been done at 1963 through their  chemotaxonomy and by this base they remain in 3 group such as:

Proto alkaloids .3        Pseudo alkaloids .2           Proper alkaloids .1

2.1.1. Proper alkaloid: they also known as true alkaloids we can describe them as the fallow: Basic Nitrogen part of a heterocyclic ring system, Chemically complex, Derived biosynthetically from amino acids, especially the cyclic ,Amino acids: Phe, Tyr, Try, Many physiologically active, and have limited distributions in the plant kingdom for example the strychnine alkaloids from the dried seeds of Strychnos vux vomica. Small tree found from India to

Northern Australia. Fruit is a large berry with a hard coat and pulpy interior containing 3-5 fleshy grey seeds – contain ~1.2% strychnine, 60mg can kill an adult by the way we can say that the highly potential of it s activity is by the base of it molecular structure( Habermehi, G. 1983, Mann, J. 1992.).

And as we can see strychnine, simply coupled with L-tryptophan one of the most important amino acid   in cells vitality (Albert’s ET al.1993).

2.2.2. Pseudo alkaloid: Nitrogen containing (physiologically active) compounds not derived from amino acids, the purine ring is gradually elaborated by piecing together small components from primary metabolism for example caffeine the alkaloids which extracted from coffee

1. 2.2.3. Proto alkaloids:  they have   physiologically active, Nitrogen atom is outside the ring system and this is the reason for nominated them as proto alkaloids well the alkaloids such as ephedrine or colchicines are one of the good examples of these kinds of alkaloids which play medicinally rolls in the industry of drugs. COLCHISINE the copesetic alkaloid of the Colchicum autumnale plant the family of Liliaceae which sustainability band through

Tubulin in a compeer of 1:1 (the Antimitotic potential) and thus inhibits the assembly of microtubules and as a consequence the meiotic spindle of dividing cells disappear suddenly after colchicines treatment and the chromatids no longer separated but whereas the animal cells die under this condition the plant cells become polyploidy  and  leads in breeding programs, using this alkaloid as an anticancer because of its Antimitotic potential widespread but after a while because of its damage to cells skeleton colchisin lay away and another alkaloid by the base of it by the name of colcemide use in this aim well this alkaloids because of their

Lipophilicity potential, simply absorb by cells and its clear why the family of colchicum plants are not attack by herbivores (Teuscher E et al.1995).

2.3. The effect of Alkaloids on Neurotransmitter Receptors: the nerve single transduction in the central nervous system and in neuromuscular junction is mediated by receptor proteins residing in the membrane which directly or indirectly coupled with ion channels the neurotransmitters involve include (Alberts et al.1993). among others adrenalin(NA),serotonin, dopamine, histamine, glycine, GABA, and acetylcholine have been deduced to ion channels ,to many plant alkaloids have the similar molecular structure  with these neurotransmitters for  instance acetylcholine  and histamine in sting hairy roots of Urtica or serotonin and dopamine in several species, and the acts can be:

I. The receptor itself through inhibition or overstimulation

II.The enzymes that deactivate neurotransmitters after they have bound to a receptor

III.Transport process, which are important for storage of the neurotransmitters in synaptic

IV.Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of a neurotransmitter (Mothes, K.et al.1985, Robinson, T. A. 1981).

Table I. some of the alkaloids as inhibitors of Neurotransmitters

__________________________________________________________________________________

Enzyme                                  Natural Substrate                                    Alkaloid                      occurrence (plant)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

   Acetylcholine esterase                           Acetylcholine                            Physostigmine (eserine)    Physostigma veneosum                         

                                                                                                        Berberine                           several papaveracea

                                                                                                                    Coptisine                           several papaveracea

                                                                                                                    Galanthamine                   several Amaryllidaceae

                                                                                                                    Chaconine                        Solanum

                                                                                                                    Solanine                           Solanum

                                                                                                                    Solanidine                        Solanum

                                                                                                                    Huperzine A                     Huperzia srrata

1.    Monoamine oxidase                             NA. dopamine, Serotonin            Harmaline                        Pegamum

                                                                      histamine                               Harmine                           Peganum

                                                                                                                    Ephedrine                        Ephedra

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

The other location for alkaloids effects are the neurotransmitters’ which closely coupled and band with ion channels (Na+ ?K? , Ca? ? Cl?) as a fact the receptors or ion channels both are incipit for nervous signals  and as a consequences affected  one of them  by inheritors or resonators  could occasion the vitality of animal cells (Rosenthal, et al.1992).

All animals need to transport nutrients, hormones, ions, signals compounds, O2 and CO2 between the different organs of the body well this achieved in higher animals through blood in the circulatory system.Inhibitorrs of its motor, the heart ,were discussed earlier . But the synthesize of red blood cells is also vulnerable and can inhibited by antimiotic alkaloids , such as vinblastin or colchisin and some allelochemicals have hemolytic properties, such as saponins and steroidal alkaloids , these compounds complex membrane sterls and make cells leaky these effected consequently effected the vitality of animal cells(Teuscher E. and Lindequist, U. 1994).

Table II .The Alkaloids which known as inheritors or resonators for nervous signal transmission

________________________________________________________________________________________

                   Receptor’s                            Ligand                                Alkaloids                            Occurrence(plant)

________________________________________________________________________________________

       Acetylcholine receptor                Acetylcholine                             Nicotine                            Nicotinana, many other plants

                                                                                                           C-toxiferine                        strychnos

                                                                                                           Tubocurarine                     Chondodendron

                                                                                                           Cytosine and other QA     Several legumes

                                                                                                           Lobeline                             Lobelia

                                                                                                           Anabasine                         Anabasis , Nicotiana

                                                                                                          Hyoscyamine (atropine)     Atropa, Hysoscyamus, Datura.

                                                                                                          Scopolamine                       Several Solanaceae

                                                                                                          Arecoline                              Areca

      Adrenergic receptors         Noradrenaline/adrenaline                 Norlaudanosoline                 Papaveraceae

                                                                                                          Ephedrine, norephedrine     Ephedra

________________________________________________________________________________________

Its amazing that the plant alkaloids even could show allergic sign in the animals cell  which its refers to the immunological responds to the  plants alkaloids  for instance alkaloids such as coumarins, furanocoumarine, hypercin , helenalin , Activation or repression of the immune response are certainly targets that were selected during evaluation as an antiherbivore strategy(Luckner et.al.1990).

2.4. Mechanism of Allelochimical Activities in Antiviral, Antimicrobial and Allelopathic Interactions of alkaloids:

There are circumstantial evidence that some alkaloids such as Quinolizidine alkaloids that protect the producing plants against viruses, bacteria , fungi, and other plants , relative to alkaloids animal interaction , these modes of action have been less well or hardly at all, a number of antimicrobial alkaloids such as sanguinarine, quinine , or berberine intercalate with viral and microbial DNA to bind it well these compounds may thus inhibit process such as DNA replication and RNA transcription which are vital for the microorganisms, protein biosynthesis in ribosome’s is another vulnerable target for plant alkaloids even the stability of biomembranes can be disrobed by steroidal alkaloids(Luckner et.al.1990).

  In another view even herbicidal properties or germination inhibition which can be observed in plant-plant interactions, can also proceed via the above mentioned mechanisms but interaction with growth hormones and their metabolites also must be considered (Wagner, H. 1993).

3. Counclusion:

1. Plants, as a renewable source with low energy consumption that can offer complex biochemical syntheses, will be even more compatible in the future. Well all in all alkaloids augment which is far from complete shows that many plant alkaloids inhibiter or over stimulate central process at the cellular or organ level. in this completion only a limited of structures have been discussed .In many instance , plants contain mixture of related alkaloids , which only differ for particular substitution patterns well this allelochemical properties are requisite for chemical defense compound in an ecological context  for surviving of plants but also constitute the base for their exploitation in medicine or agriculture, well after all of these dilemma situation we should use medicines by the source of plants in a secure and caution way   but to many experiments demands through this complicated way.

4. References:                

1. Alberts, B. D., Lewis, J. Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Watson, J. D. 1993. .Molecular Biology of the Cell.3rd ed . Garland. New York.
2. Habermehi, G. 1983. Gifttiere and ihre Waffen. Springer. Berlin.
3. Harborne, J. B. 1993. introduction to Eclogical Biochemistry.4 th ed. Academy press. san Diego.
4. Luckner, M. 1990 Secondery Metabolism in Microorganism.Plants and Animals .Springer, Berlin.
5. Luckner, M. 1990. Secondary Metabolism in Microorganisms, Plants and Animal, Springer, Berlin mann,J..1992, Murder,Magic and Medicine.Oxford University Press. London.
6. Mann, J. 1992. Murder Magic and medicine.Oxfordr University press .London.
7. Mothes, K., Schutte, H. R. and Luckner, M. 1985. Biochemistery of Alkaloides .VCH. Weinheim.
8. Robinson, T. A. 1981. The Biochemistry of alkaloids, Springer. Berlin.
9. Rosenthal, G. A. and Berenbaum, M. R. 1992. Herbivores: Theair Interaction with Secondary Plant Metabolites vol.Academic Press, San Diego.
10. Teuscher E. and Lindequist, U. 1994. Biogene Gifte. Fischer. Stuttgart.
11. Urk H, Schipper D, Breedveld GJ, Paul RM, Scheffers WA, van Dijken JP (1989) Biochim Biophys Acta 992: 78
12. Scopes RK (1989) In: van Unden N (ed), Alcohol toxicity in yeast and bacteria, CRC Press Inc, p. 89
13. Wagner, H. 1993. Pharmazeutische Biologie . 2. Drogen and ihre Inhalisstoffe, Fisher, Stuttgart.
14. Zhou, G.M. 1980. Studies on useful compounds of Bai-Zhi for healing Yin- Hsieh Ping. Chung-Chen-Yau Res. 4: 33. (In Chinese).
15. Zhou, G.M., C.G. Yu, Y.C. Han, and C.T. Mun. 1988. Studies on Bai-Zhi. IV. The toxicity test of useful compounds. Med. J. China Hospital 8: 220-221. (In Chinese).

One symptom of bowel dysfunction is diarrhoea. Diarrhoea is when food passes through and out of the bowel very quickly.

When does diarrhoea occur? Diarrhoea is usually a reaction to food poisoning. You have eaten food which is full of bugs; the body’s defence mechanism is engaged and the food is expelled from the body as fast as possible.

Diarrhoea may also occur when you are tense or scared. Ancient man was born with a flight or fight response. What this means is that when ancient man faced dangers that could kill him, the body produced adrenaline which either helped man run away or have the courage to face the danger. Humans today still have this defence response. These days it is stress, pace of life and the like that causes us to produce adrenaline rather than facing Woolly Mammoths. The effect of adrenaline on the body is to speed up bodily functions including the gut; remember exam time or your driving test? You may also notice that your breathing is quicker, that you can’t relax as easily as you used to or that you’re more rushed to fit everything in. If your bowel is reacting to stress then you need more than a change in diet. You would need to relax more. This could mean taking up yoga, meditation, hypnosis or a more physical activity such as running.

If your stool is frequent and loose then it might be an idea to take a break from food and just drink fluids [not tea or coffee] for a day. It is thought that over cooking white or brown rice until it is a pulp is also easy on the digestion. Rice is a very mild food on the bowel, which is why you will find that on any exclusion diet, rice is still allowed. Linseed is also useful in reducing diarrhoea as it acts as sponge by absorbing excess fluid in the bowel.

Turning to medicines should be a last resort. Medicines have their place in the treatment of illnesses but an eastern philosophy is useful to adopt here which is cure the cause not the symptom. If you are suffering diarrhoea, then your body is telling you that it is using diarrhoea to heal itself. Taking medicines now, like Imodium, may block the healing process. In addition it is possible that by taking a drug that prevents diarrhoea you end up with constipation.

If you suffer alternating bouts of constipation and diarrhoea then seek a cure for the constipation first as the diarrhoea maybe a by product of constipation. The lining of a constipated bowel maybe contaminated with toxins such that the body uses watery stools to flush the toxins away.

If your bowel symptoms persist, you must see your medical doctor. Do not self diagnose as your pain may be a sign something more dangerous.

When you drink caffeinated drinks like coffee, tea and most sodas, the caffeine in the drink causes increased neuron activity in your brain, which in turn results in the release of a hormone we all know well – adrenalin.

This is exactly why caffeine gets us wide-awake and alert in the morning, isn’t it? Well, unfortunately it isn’t such a great thing for your body. As the adrenal high wears off, you start to feel tired, irritated, confused and may experience a headache. This usually results in reaching for another cup of coffee/tea/soda and the roller coaster ride starts over.

Is Caffeine Really Dangerous Or Addictive?

Because of caffeine, a negative roller coaster effect can occur by the release of adrenalin released by caffeine. Caffeine is very addictive. You create artificial adrenalin high by drinking caffeinated drinks, and then experience the withdrawal symptoms – which of course leads you to crave more caffeine.

Caffeine Health Effects:

Caffeine can cause alls sorts of damage to your health. Here are just a few of the undesirable side effects of caffeine on your health.

- The adrenal glands pump out stress hormones that stay elevated for up to 18 hours after consumption
- The liver releases higher amounts of sugar and fat into the blood stream.
- The pancreas produces insulin to remove the excess blood sugar and store it as fat.
- The insulin spikes create a blood sugar rollercoaster.
- Muscle tension is increased.
- The blood vessels constrict, reducing the flow of oxygen to important areas like your brain (up to 30%) and your extremities.
- Digestion and the immune system are impaired or suppressed.
- The production of DHEA and other anti-aging hormones is decreased.
- We lose Calcium and Magnesium by drinking coffee
It takes the body 24 hours to flush out the harmful effects of coffee (even 1 cup!), even though it contributes absolutely nothing to the total body chemistry and is harmful to the liver, kidneys, heart, bladder, digestive tract, bones, teeth, skin, growing fetuses and newborns.

The action of caffeine on the human heart is so stimulating and damaging that when a person has a heart attack, high blood pressure, kidney or bladder disturbance, normally their physician will prohibit any coffee or caffeine consumption.

What Can I Do To Curb My Caffeine Cravings?

The best way to curb caffeine cravings is to wean yourself away from coffee and caffeinated sodas. It’s not going to be easy and you will feel withdrawal symptoms at first, but here are some tips to help you kick the caffeine habit.

-Eat five to six small meals a day and include some protein in each meal. This will help keep your blood sugar stable and provide you with the energy to keep going all day long.
-Drink at least eight glasses of water. Water will help keep you energized
-Drink a glass of water or green tea (see below) in the morning to help you wake up.
-Get plenty of fresh air and sunshine each day. Use your usual coffee break to take a little brisk walk outside.
-Switch to green tea. In addition to tasting great and giving you energy, it is packed with flavonoids and antioxidants, both of which are beneficial to your health.

Start by cutting down on your caffeine consumption and replace as much of it as possible with green tea and water. You may experience a caffeine withdrawal headache, but this is normal and a sign that it’s working. Keep cutting more caffeine out every few weeks. Before you know it you will break the caffeine habit for good.

There are many Martial art schools teaching a whole variety of styles and self defence scenarios from grappling to high kicking to lighting fast multiple strikes. Some are effective, some are not and some are down right useless.

What alot of martial arts schools fail to teach or prepare you for however is the fear or adrenaline rush or adrenaline dump that you will feel when confronted with a real life threatening situation.

When you are in a self defence situation the adrenal glands located above the kidney will secrete adrenaline into the bloodstream where its rapidly circulated around the body.

You can experience decreased co-ordination, a sense of the mind wondering, and difficulty in thinking clearly along with increased heart rate and raised blood pressure.This may be the first time you have ever felt these feelings and it can be daunting to experience them for the first time.

Under these circumstances it can become very difficult to defend yourself.

So how do we cope with this rush and its effects and still defend ourselves?

1) If your serious about self defence at least get some experience in reality based training where you might get a chance to practise situations that will cause you to feel the adrenaline rush so you know what it feels like

2) learn more about the rush and recognise its effects on you. This will help you to realise that you are not helpless and you can fight back

3)Practise simple and effective Martial Art Techniques that will work better when your experiencing the adrenaline rush.

Reasons for fear

• you dread facing your opponent – a bigger, tougher, stronger. and more accomplished opponent
• you are afraid of getting hurt – a past injury. the pain associated with it, and the difficult recovery period that you had to go through can create the fear that you may get hurt again
• you fear failure – the thought of losing the game can create a fear in you even before you begin the match

Its expression

• Diffidence – no confidence in yourself
• Panic – You lose your sense of calmness
• Frozen thought processes – unable to recall and use your game plan

Impact of fear on you

• Concentration gets affected even in the case of fear
• But there is also another problem when you have fears – The trepidation caused by fear creates a foreboding within you, and your mind begins to focus on the outcome rather than the game itself. Your focus shifts to thoughts of a fresh injury or thoughts of losing. or the shame of putting up an effectual performance against a formidable opponent
• Fear can sap you of energy
• Fear can make your mind go blank

Fear Management Techniques

• Confront the fear – Analyze the fear. What aspects of the game or the opponent have contributed to the fear?
• Demystify the fear – Once you identify the source of fear. you can find ways to dismiss the fear
• If you fear failure, ask yourself: how unpleasant can it be? It’s not a matter of life and death. So what if you lose one match, you can’t win them all. Isn’t it long-term goals that really matter?
• If you fear repeat injury, use therapies like yoga and meditation to confront the fear and move ahead. If you fear injury, try not to think about it. It may not happen to you. Many players go through a long career spell without ever getting a major injury. Decide in your mind that you will face injury if and when it happens, no point worrying about it in advance. Injuries can occur in any game.
• If you fear shame of a poor performance, remind yourself that every game is a stepping stone and a learning experience. Also train harder and more often until you fell confident of your performance. This can take care of the fear.
• If you fear tough opponents, face the fear of a tough opponent by focusing on your opponent’s strategy totally during the game. Fear can work in your favor. Fear need not be the enemy. On the contrary, fear gives you the power of the adrenaline rush. The object of your fear-your opponent-has to be the focus of your undivided attention. Your armor becomes your concentration and effective use of game techniques. Nothing brings on the instinct to defend yourself and vanquish the other more than fear can. Face the fear and avoid going blank by focusing your thoughts on your opponent. and you can successfully tackle the most adverse situations in the ring.

• Visualize a real-life threat and talk yourself into action: Alertness is probably one of the few things that you still retain when you have fear. Action becomes difficult because of the blank frozen state that you can go into sometimes. But you will be alert and wary, much like when you are being attacked by a wild animal. You are wide awake to what is happening, but too frozen to do the right thing. The adrenaline caused by fear has to be converted into action to transform you from your frozen state into a state of aggression, just like you would behave in a dangerous situation in a jungle. Say to yourself: “If I don’t move now. I’m going to get hurt,” or “Move. If I wait any longer, he will get the upper hand.”

• Dealing with the adrenaline rush through simulation: A lot of grapplers and combat athletes swear by a technique called “adrenaline training.” It is a simulation exercise in which you recreate a fight scene where your practice partner shouts and behaves in an aggressive manner, much like the real opponent that you fear might do. This stimulus can get your adrenaline pumping. It is a method used to stimulate a response when you have the fear of losing to your opponent or when you freeze and go blank. If you can train your mental processes to defend yourself more effectively under fear or if the adrenaline can turn on your offense to tackle your opponent head on, then fear can actually work in your favor.

• Feng Shui, the ancient Chinese system of arranging the living environment in a harmonious way, has some tips for dealing with challenges. Placing certain symbols or pictures in your home, such as a huge picture of a mountain range, a Chinese dragon, or subliminal way to create a feeling of strength and build courage to face challenges. The dragon is considered one of the most powerful and revered symbols dragon symbol (usually a small brass. bronze. or wooden model) is supposed to have the power to create positive energy and can inspire you to face challenges.

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The Extreme Sport Info

Have you noticed that the people who are dedicated to extreme sports seem a little ‘different’ from most other people? Extreme sports enthusiasts seem to have that “darn the torpedoes, full speed ahead” attitude that runs counter to the thoughtful, considered way most people lead their lives. They can’t really help it when they are in the “zone”. When they are in the zone, all the matters is the mission . . . their whole life is no more significant than the moment of execution. Those who study such things as the psychology of athletes, call the “zone” that temporary state of mind where an adrenaline high, awakened by a high-risk endeavor, is (at least temporarily) the absolutely dominant influence in your life.

The zone, as described above, may seem to symbolize a period of extreme irresponsibility, but it is actually a period of extreme focus and near-maximum control – it is a mental state that is similar to, but more intense than, taking that first-ever dive off the high dive at the deep end of the pool. It is also called “the adrenaline effect.”

An important the body reaction
Adrenaline is an important key to the body’s reaction in times of stress, danger or anger. At those times, your brain increases the adrenaline, which increases your heart rate and blood flow. In addition, it increases glucose production (glucose is the “food” your body burns when you exercise) and increases physical stamina — in short, you feel invigorated. This process is called the “fight or flight response;” it gets your body “primed for action” . . . and its somewhat addictive!

These enthusiasts are called, somewhat facetiously, “adrenaline junkies,” and to these extreme sports devotees, it is a colloquialism that fits. They crave activities that require intense concentration and extreme performance, activities such as: bungee jumping, skydiving, hang gliding, mountain climbing and auto racing. Adrenaline junkies, however, are not just into extreme sports. You will find them living extreme lifestyles. These are the same people you will find making their living as SWAT team members, emergency response personnel and members of military Special Forces such as SEALS and Green Berets. Professional gamblers and stock market traders are also “addicted” to the possibility of an enormous win or an enormous loss — the possibilities of which will get anyone’s adrenaline flowing.

How do you find your “zone”?

So how do you find your “zone?” It is not as difficult, or as strenuous (or even as addictive) as it may sound. Those who go in for and, to some extent, become addicted to extreme sports and the adrenaline high, are extreme examples of those in the zone. In simpler and less extreme terms, the zone simply means determination and focus.

You “psych yourself up” for any particular activity (it might be an action sport or it might be passing a mid-term exam) by becoming determined to accomplish your task and by focusing on learning what you need to learn, and doing what you need to do. While you are in that mental state (that zone) you are so focused on your objective that what other people say, think or do is mere background noise. You picture the task and see yourself accomplishing it.

What’s really happening here?

What’s happening is that you are learning to harness the power of your mind. Your body — your muscles may be doing the work but your mind is making the work easier, making the task more comprehensible, making the task more doable. It is the extreme sports version of the “Power of Positive Thinking.” Wow! Deja Vu from 1952! That’s when Dr. Norman Vincent Peale’s self help book was first published and when the seeds were first planted that would grow into millions of success stories.

The power of the mind is an awesome thing! Your mind is like a super-computer that is programming itself every minute of your day with ideas, concepts, idle thoughts, feelings, wishes and desires. The key is staying positive! Staying with the computer analogy, there is a saying amongst computer programmers: “GIGO,” that means “Garbage In — Garbage Out;” in other words, the result of any effort will only be as good (successful) as the effort put into it.

Summary

Normally, so the experts say, humans use only a small fraction of their mind’s potential. The amount of additional potential that you might be using when in your zone has not been quantified and is not important — what is important is that, whether participating in an action sport or trying to learn a line of poetry, the focus and determination you use will make success more possible. The only limitations we have are self-imposed limitations — that’s the secret of the zone!

For more articles related to this subject and others please visit ExtremeSports.info

There are a large number of natural weight loss aids on the market, but simply because a product may be “natural”, it doesn’t always mean that it is safe and effective. The fact of the matter is, some of the most popular natural weight loss aids can be dangerous and although they may produce fast weight loss at first, they can actually cause weight gain and difficulty losing weight in the long run.

The biggest problems are with the natural weight loss aids that contain stimulants. Natural weight loss aids that contain stimulants work very much like stimulant drugs, and they have the same risks.

Caffeine, kola nut, yerba mate, guarana, and ephedra (also known as ma huang) are the most common stimulants found in natural weight loss aids. All of these are very strong stimulants, and are similar in effect to drugs like amphetamines. Most people are aware that taking amphetamines can be dangerous, but they may be lulled into thinking the natural stimulants are safe for the sole reason that they are natural products.

It is strongly suggested that you not use any form of stimulant as a weight loss aid. This is for two reasons. First, stimulants, whether natural products or drugs, have the potential risks of stroke, high blood pressure, elevation of the heart rate, and sleep disorders. The second reason is that in spite of the fact that stimulants can increase metabolism and stimulate weight loss at first, in the long run they will likely cause you to gain weight.

In the beginning stages of stimulant use, there is an increase in the body’s production of adrenaline. Adrenaline is produced by the adrenal glands and is a hormone that increases heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure, essentially speeding up the normal functions of the body. An increase in adrenaline will speed up the metabolism and cause an increase in fat burning. These effects will only last for a short time though. In a matter of a few weeks, the body’s ability to produce adrenaline will become burned out, and as adrenaline levels start to fall off, the metabolic rate and fat burning will begin to slow down.

The fall in adrenaline levels is not the only problem, though. Stimulants cause the adrenals to produce another hormone in large quantities, called cortisol. Cortisol stimulates the body to store fat in the lower part of the abdomen and is a major stimulator of weight gain. The adrenal glands are able to produce high levels of cortisol for a much longer time than they are able to produce high levels of adrenaline. A first, the adrenaline production will overcome the fat-storing effects of cortisol and fast weight loss occurs. As time goes on, the elevated levels of cortisol will overwhelm the decreasing adrenaline effects, resulting in eventual weight gain.

Discontinuing the use of stimulants suddenly usually has the result of rapid weight gain, because the effects of cortisol will outlast the effects of the adrenaline. Whether or not stimulants are discontinued though, the eventual effect will be that adrenaline production will be exhausted long before cortisol production begins to fade, and sooner or later the effects of cortisol will win out and weight gain will result.

Even though the idea of fast weight loss through using natural weight loss aids that contain stimulants may be appealing, these products can only complicate your weight issues in the long term and may cause potentially serious damage to your overall health. Natural or not, weight loss aids that contain stimulants should be avoided.

Anger is normal human emotion. It is healthy when controlled. Human beings rarely act physically expressing the anger. We have language hence we use verbal abusing and then only physical rage is followed if anger is not controlled. It can lead problems with family members and work place.

Anger is an emotion accompanied by physiological and biological changes. Your heart rate and blood pressure go up when you are angry. As well as your energy hormones, adrenaline and noradrenaline will increase.

A person could be angry at a specific person or event or anger may be caused by worrying about the personal problems. Memories or enraging events can cause angry feelings. Naturally anger is expressed aggressively. So there are fights and hence we defend us if we are attacked. We can not physically attack every person or object that irritates us or annoys us. Norms of social behavior should be followed. There are three main approaches to anger expressing, suppressing and calming. When you express your feelings in controlled manner it assertive manner and it is healthiest way. It is difficult to do this. You need to know your needs, how to get them met, without hurting others. It means being respectful to yourself and others.

When anger is suppressed, it is not allowed outward expression and it can turn inward on you. It may cause hypertension, high blood pressure or depression. If anger is not expressed it can create other problems. It creates either passive or aggressive behavior which fails to build successful relations with others. Finally if you can calm down inside your responses internally heart rate, blood pressure and outward behavior will be controlled. If these techniques are not successful then someone or something is going to get hurt. Anger can be controlled by simple techniques. Relaxation tools such as deep breathing can help calm down angry feelings. Breathing deeply and repeating soothing words like “take it easy” will enables you to reduce angry feeling. Practice this technique daily. Slow yoga and meditation is another way to relax.

The other way is to change the way you think. Angry people sometimes curse, swear or speak in highly colorful terms. When we are angry our thinking is exaggerated and extra dramatic. If we replace it with more rational thoughts it will help us. You have to remind yourself that getting angry is not going to solve anything. That makes you feel worse. We try to find out solution of our problems but sometimes that is not possible. Hence we get angry. Instead of that we have to learn to face the problem. When we are angry we come to conclusions which are often wrong. If we slow down and think carefully about what we want to say before answering it will solve the problems.